Pathological changes affecting the periodontium may occur at temporary, mixed and permanent dentition. Various forms of gingivitis or gingivostomatitis are the most common diseases. Periodontal diseases at children may be divided into three classes.
At the first group of diseases, the periodontium is damaged by a local noxa and this damage is limited to a small area. Permanent teeth are more often affected. Irritation by a incorrectly made filling, a denture, pathological tension of either upper or lower lip frenum, eventually shallow vestibulum oris are among the most typical examples. That is why such an emphasis is put not only to teeth restorative care, but also to a timely frenectomy. Surgical correction of a shallow vestibule should be practiced at the age of 14 and up.
At the second group of diseases, the periodontium is damaged by pathological processes that originate in surrounding tissues, e.g. inflammatory and necrotic states, tumorous growth etc. If the cause is removed successfully, the disease does not spread further.
At the third group there are diffuse alterations of periodontal tissues that result in a premature loss of temporary or permanent teeth. Progress of destructive changes is rapid. A systemic disease or metabolic disorder are usually the cause: Down’s syndrome, ectodermal dysplasia, skin diseases, diabetes mellitus.
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